(Website author, Year)

Information available from their website (International Tourism Partnership, 2004) ….

Website author (Year published/Last updated) Title of internet site. Available at: URL (Accessed Day Month Year).

International tourism partnership (2004) International tourism partnership. Available at: (Accessed 8 February 2009).

Note 1: No author? If the website author is not available, simply use the website name, e.g. (Website name, Year).

Note 2: No date? If the date of the website is not available, substitute the date with the words 'no date', e.g.  Website author (no date).

In-Text-Citation:

Author(s) Last name (Year)

(Author(s) Last name, Year)

Kelly (2004) responded….

In the response (Kelly, 2004)….

Webpage Author(s) Last name, Initials. (Year) Page title.  Available at: URL (Accessed Day Month Year).

Kelly, M. (2004) Environmental attitudes and behaviours: Ireland in comparative European perspective. Available at: (Accessed 8 February 2009).

In-Text-Citation:

Author(s) Last name (Year)

(Author(s)  Last name, Year)

O’Connor (2010) proposed….

It was proposed elsewhere (O’Connor, 2010)

Author(s) Last name, First name. (Year site published/Last updated) ‘Title of message’, Title of internet site, Day Month of posted message. Available at: URL (Accessed Day Month Year).

O’Connor, John (2010) ‘Global warming and the future’, Jane Murphy blog, 14 January. Available at: (Accessed 13 April 2010).

In-Text-Citation:

Author(s) Last name (Year)

(Author(s) Last name Year)

DSPCA (2017) reported on there being a number of kittens …

It was reported that the DSPCA has kittens for potential adoption (DSPCA, 2017).

Author Last name, Initials. (Year page/post published) Title of page [Facebook] Day Month of post. Available at: url of post (Accessed Day Month Year).

DSPCA (2017) Dublin SPCA [Facebook] 24 November. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/dspca (Accessed 24 November 2017).

Note: if no author is available start with the title in italics and use title (in italics) with year for your in-text citation.

In-Text-Citation:

Author(s) Last name (Year)

(Authors(s) Last name, Year)

UCD School of Archaeology (2014) reports that lactose intolerance ....

It has been found that after 5,000 year of agriculture, early Europeans remained intolerant to lactose (UCD School of Archaeology, 2014).

Author(s) Last name, Initials. (Year of post) [Twitter] Day Month of tweet. Available at: URL (Accessed Day Month Year).

UCD School of Archaeology (2014) [Twitter] 23 October. Available at: https://twitter.com/ucdarchaeology/status/525263801537404930 (Accessed 24 June 2015).

Note: date of post is used for in-text citation.

In-Text-Citation:

Author(s) Last name (Year)

(Authors(s) Last name, Year)

UCD Quinn School of Business offers well-being advice to students working at home (2020) ....

There is well-being advice available for students (UCD Quinn School of Business, 2020).

Author(s) Last name, Initials. (Year of post) 'Title of post' [Instagram]. Day Month of tweet. Available at: URL (Accessed Day Month Year).

UCD Quinn School of Business (2020) 'Health and Well-being advice' [Instagram]. 14 April. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/B-9TsMonE2U (Accessed 20 July 2020).

Note: date of post is used for in-text citation.

In-Text-Citation:

Author’s/Presenter’s Last name (year)

(Author’s/Presenter’s Last name, year)

Reddy (2013) outlines how Irish crime fiction…..

It has been argued Irish Crime fiction has strong gender typing (Reddy, 2013).

Author/Presenter Last name, Initial(s). (Year site published/updated) Title of podcast. [Podcast]. Day Month Year of podcast posted. Available at: URL (Accessed Day Month Year).

Reddy, M. (2013) Hibernian hardboiled: race & gender in contemporary Irish crime fiction. [Podcast]. 24 November 2013. Available at: (Accessed 31 January 2014).